Chapter 7 Timeline

Early National Period
1794	Five years after George Washington becomes first U.S. President, Indian resistance to white rule in the Northwest Territory is broken
1811	General Wm. Henry Harrison, Governor of the Indiana Territory, defeats Indians in the Battle of Tippecanoe
1813	Powerful Indian Confederacy in Northwest collapses when Harrison defeats British in Ontario, in which Shawnee Chief Tecumseh is killed.
1814	War with Creek Indians when Gen. Andrew Jackson defeats them at Horseshoe Bend, Alabama.
1818	Jackson leads U.S. forces into invading Florida to punish hostile Seminoles. Spain told by U.S. to control Indians or cede Florida to U.S.
1825	Creek Indians reject treaty ceding all their lands in Georgia to U.S. Congress adopts policy of forcibly removing all eastern Indian tribes to territory west of the Mississippi, thus establishing "Indian frontier."
Jacksonian and Post-Jacksonian Era
1830	Indian Removal Bill authorizes resettlement of eastern Indians to Oklahoma Territory, as Sauk and Fox tribes in Illinois are finally forced to move west of Mississippi River.
1832	Black Hawk War occurs when Sauk Chief Black Hawk reterns to Illinois to plant crops. His tribe is massacred by U.S. and Illinois troops.
1835	Gold found on Cherokee land in Georgia, and Cherokee are forced to cede lands to U.S. Seminole war begins when Seminoles refuse to leave Florida; they attack and massacre U.S. troops.
1842	Seminoles' crops and villages destroyed, they are forced to sign peace treaty and removed to Indian Territory in eastern Oklahoma.
1843	Settlers begin great migration westward over Oregon Trail to Oregon Territory.
1848	Treaty of Hidalgo ends U.S. war with Mexico, ending Mexican claims to Texas and ceding to U.S. present-day California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming, now placing many indigenous peoples within borders of U.S. (leading to 20th century Chicano observation, "We didn't cross the border, the border crossed us.") See also: John O’Sullivan’s treatise on "Manifest Destiny"
1849	U.S. Department of Interior is created to meet needs of western settlers.
1851	Sioux Indians give all their land in Iowa and most of their land in Minnesota to the U.S.
Progressive Period
1871	Congress enacts Indian Appropriation Act, nullifying all Indian Treaties and making all Indians wards of the U.S.
1871	U.S. Army suppresses Apache Indians and forces them onto reservations in New Mexico and Arizona. Apache resist, conducting raids on white settlers.
1877	As Reconstruction ends in the South, Nez Percé Chief Joseph's tribe battles U.S., then retreats across 1600 miles of western states, is finally defeated and forced to a reservation ("I will fight no more forever.")
1878	Bureau of Indian Affairs counts 137 white-led schools serving Indian children
1879	Uprising of Ute Indians is suppressed, and they are removed from Colorado to Utah
1886	Apache Indian wars end in the Southwest as Chief Geronimo surrenders; Dawes Allotment Act passed to change Indian commitment to communal property, reduces tribal lands by 100 million over next 50 years.
1889	Oklahoma Indian Territory is opened to white settlers.
1890	U.S. troops massacre 200 Sioux Indians at the Battle of Wounded Knee, South Dakota; Progressive Era ushers in Sherman Anti Trust Act in nation's capital
1901	U.S. citizenship granted to the Indians of the "Five Civilized Tribes": Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles.
1907	Oklahoma, formerly Oklahoma and Indian territories, becomes 46th state. Congress refuses to allow state to be named Sequoyah, after Indian creator of the Cherokee alphabet
1920	Progressive activist John Collier begins a stay with Pueblo Indians that lasts ten years
1928	Merriam Report on "The Problem of Indian Administration" is issued, argues for more government administration of Indians
1933	Collier appointed Commissioner of Indian Affairs, begins to enact "progressive" agenda