Chapter 6 Timeline

Schooling and African‑Americans
1806	New York City provides schools for black children for the first time
1807	Bell School, the first school for black children in Washington, D.C., is established by George Bell, Nicholas Franklin, and Moses Liverpool, free blacks
1818	Philadelphia free blacks establish Pennsylvania Augustine Society “for the education of people of colour”; schools for blacks receive public aid in Philadelphia
1823	Mississippi enacts laws that prohibit teaching reading and writing to blacks and meetings of more than five slaves or free blacks
1824	American teacher and church worker Sophia B. Packard (1824–1891) establishes a Negro college in Georgia
1827	About 140 antislavery groups exist in United States
1831	Slave Nat Turner leads rebellion against slavery
1832	Free blacks petition the Pennsylvania state legislature to admit their children to public school on the grounds that they pay taxes which support public education; the petition is unsuccessful
1833	American educator Prudence Crandell defies white townspeople in Connecticut by accepting a black girl into her school
1833	Oberlin College (Ohio), the first coeducational college, is integrated from the outset and serves as a leader in the abolitionist cause; at the start of the Civil War, blacks constitute one‑third of its students
1834	First black‑funded school for blacks in Cincinnati, Ohio, opens
1837	Institute for Colored Youth, the first black coeducational classical high school, opens in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; high schools for blacks had been vocational/industrial
1838	Ohio law prohibits the education of black children at the expense of the state
1839	Benjamin Roberts, a black printer, sues the Boston School Committee to gain admission to a common school for his daughter
1852	Antislavery novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin is written by Harriet Beecher Stowe
1857	In Dred Scott case, U.S. Supreme Court rules slavery is legal in U.S. territories
1859	Harper’s Ferry raid led by abolitionist John Brown in West Virginia is unsuccessful in attempt to start a slave uprising
1861	Civil War begins
1863	American abolitionist and “conductor” on the Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman leads a raid that frees 750 slaves; during the American Civil War she becomes the first woman in the United States to lead troops to battle
1863	Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation
1864	Lincoln signs a bill mandating the creation of public schools for blacks in Washington, D.C.
1865	Thirteenth Amendment to U.S. Constitution abolishes slavery
1865	Institutions of higher learning for African‑Americans are established (now known as historically black colleges and universities)
1867	Peabody Fund is established to provide endowments, scholarships, and teacher and industrial education for newly freed slaves across the nation
1868	Congress passes Fourteenth Amendment, which grants blacks full citizenship and equal civil rights; it is later ratified
1868	Hampton Institute is opened by ex‑Union officer Samuel Chapman Armstrong in Hampton, Virginia
1877	End of Reconstruction and restoration of conservative state governments in the South hinder public education of African‑Americans
1881	Tuskegee Institute is founded by Booker T. Washington
1895	W. E. B. Du Bois receives the first doctoral degree awarded to a black from Harvard University
1896	Plessy v. Ferguson, Supreme Court decision used to support constitutionality of separate schools for whites and blacks
1902	John D. Rockefeller establishes General Education Board, a powerful philanthropic foundation
1903	Du Bois’s The Souls of Black Folk, a collection of essays, is published
1909	Du Bois and others, including whites, meet and advocate a civil rights organization to combat growing violence against black Americans; this leads to the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
1915	Carter G. Woodson founds the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History; much of its early support comes from women