Chapter 14 Timeline

For the purposes of studying Chapter 14, you might ask of each decade: Which events have the most direct significance for the issues of contemporary school reform discussed in this chapter?
1960's
1960	President Dwight Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act of 1960, which acknowledges the federal government’s responsibility in matters involving civil rights
1961	Michael Harrington publishes The Other America, revealing widespread poverty in United States
1964	Civil Rights Act passes Congress, guaranteeing equal voting rights to African‑Americans
1964	Head Start, U.S. educational program for low‑income preschool children, is established
1964	President Lyndon Johnson elected; calls for “Great Society” programs as part of “war on poverty”
1966	The Medicare Act, Housing Act, Elementary and Secondary Education Act, a new immigration act, and voting‑rights legislation are enacted
1968	Rioting in poor urban neighborhoods Bilingual Education Act passed
1968	Richard Nixon is elected president and begins emphasizing his platform of law and order and government responsiveness to the silent majority, dismantling many of the Great Society programs of the Kennedy-Johnson era
1970s
1970	Supreme Court upholds new 18‑year‑old voting age
1972	Title IX Educational Amendment passed, outlawing sex discrimination in educational institutions receiving federal financial assistance
1975	Congress passes Education for All Handicapped Children Act (Public Law 94‑142)
1975	Congress votes to admit women to Army, Navy, and Air Force academies
1979	The Moral Majority is founded, forming a new coalition of conservative and Christian fundamentalist voters in resistance to “liberal excesses” of 1960s and early 1970s
1980s
1980	Ronald Reagan is elected president, promising to reverse the “liberal trends in government”
1983	A Nation at Risk, a report by the Presidential Commission on Excellence in Education, advocates a “back to basics” education; becomes the first major document in the current reform movement
1984	Education for Economic Security Act (Public Law 98‑377) passed, adding new science and math programs at all levels of schooling
1984	Carl D. Perkins Vocational Education Act continues federal aid for vocational education until 1989
1990s
1992	American with Disabilities Act, the most sweeping antidiscrimination legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1964, guarantees equal access for disabled people
1993	Supreme Court rules unanimously that public schools must permit religious groups to use their buildings after hours if they allow community groups to do so
1997	Supreme Court rules 5–4 that public school teachers can work in parochial schools that need remedial or supplemental classes
1999	Kansas Board of Education votes against testing any Kansas students on science curriculum related to theory and science of evolution (but it would be restored in 2001 by new School Board)
2000
2001	Days after taking office, President Bush announces the intent to pass the No Child Left Behind law. Enacted in January 2002, the bipartisan law reauthorizes the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, and seeks to raise accountability of school systems for educating all students.
2001	The No Child Left Behind Act expands the federal government’s role in elementary and secondary education
2001	September 11, 2001. Two highjacked commercial airliners destroy the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City marking the worst-ever terrorist attack on American soil. A third highjacked airliner crashes into the Pentagon in Washington DC, while a fourth crashes into rural Pennsylvania. About 2,000 people are killed.
2003	France warns the U.S. that an attack on Iraq is unjustified, and that it will not support any UN resolution authorizing military action there
2003	Millions of demonstrators around the world take to the streets to protest the planned U.S. invasion of Iraq
2003	President Bush orders invasion of Iraq
2003	The pentagon says major combat operations are ended in Iraq after the takeover in April of the last Iraqi stronghold
2003	The Supreme Court backs affirmative action in a case involving admissions at the University of Michigan, in a separate decision, a 6-3 vote overrules a Texas sodomy law, legalizing gay conduct
2003	The White House projects a $455 billion deficit for 2003, the largest in U.S. history