Chapter 13 Timeline

Chapter 13 is a companion to Chapter 12. The two have identical timelines because they address the same basic social and educational inequities.
1960's
1960	Six years after the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision against school segregation, the modern “sit‑in” movement begins when four black students from North Carolina A&T College sit at a “whites‑only” Woolworth’s lunch counter and refuse to leave when denied service
1960	President Dwight Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act of 1960, which acknowledges the federal government’s responsibility in matters involving civil rights
1961	Michael Harrington publishes The Other America, revealing widespread poverty in United States
1962	The All‑African Organization of Women is founded to discuss the right to vote, activity in local and national governments, women in education, and medical services for women
1962	The Supreme Court orders the University of Mississippi to admit James H. Meredith; Ross Barnett, governor of Mississippi, tries unsuccessfully to block Meredith’s admission
1963	More than 200,000 marchers from all over the United States stage the largest protest demonstration in the history of Washington, D.C.; the “March on Washington” procession moves from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial; Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King delivers “I Have a Dream” speech
1963	Medgar Evers, field secretary for the NAACP, is killed outside his home in Jackson, Mississippi
1964	Civil Rights Act passes Congress, guaranteeing equal voting rights to African‑Americans
1964	Head Start, U.S. educational program for low‑income preschool children, is established
1964	Civil Rights Act of 1964 is passed
1964	Escalation of U.S. presence in Vietnam after the alleged Gulf of Tonkin incident
1965	United Farm Workers strike
1966	The Medicare Act, Housing Act, Elementary and Secondary Education Act, a new immigration act, and voting‑rights legislation are enacted
1966	Black Panther party founded by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale
1968	Dr. Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy are assassinated
1968	Bilingual Education Act passed American Indian Movement (AIM) launched Alicia Escalante forms East Los Angeles Welfare Rights Organization, the first Chicano welfare rights group
1969	The Stonewall rebellion in New York City marks the beginning of the gay rights movement
1970s
1971	Busing to achieve racially balanced schools is upheld by the Supreme Court
1972	Title IX Educational Amendment passed, outlawing sex discrimination in educational institutions receiving federal financial assistance
1973	Native Americans defy federal authority at Wounded Knee, South Dakota
1975	Congress passes Education for All Handicapped Children Act (Public Law 94‑142)
1978	In University of California v. Bakke, Supreme Court disallows a quota system in university admissions but gives limited approval to affirmative action plans
1980s
1980	One million African‑American students enrolled in colleges and universities in the United States
1980	Ronald Reagan is elected president, promising to reverse the “liberal trends in government”
1982	Equal Rights Amendment fails to win state ratification
1986	Reverend Jesse Jackson becomes first African‑American to challenge for major party nomination for president
1986	New Hampshire teacher Christa McAulliffe killed along with six astronauts when space shuttle Challenger explodes on national TV
1990s
1991	Unemployment rate rises to highest level in a decade
1992	American with Disabilities Act, the most sweeping antidiscrimination legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1964, guarantees equal access for disabled people
1993	Pentagon rules “don’t ask, don’t tell”: gays and lesbians may serve in military but may not proclaim or openly practice their sexual orientation
1994	Number of prisoners in state and federal U.S. prisons tops 1 million, giving United States the highest incarceration rate in the world
1995	Supreme Court rules against any affirmative action program that is not “narrowly tailored” to accomplish a “compelling government interest”
1996	Census Bureau reports that the gap between the richest 20 percent of Americans and everyone else has reached postwar high
1996	Clinton signs welfare reform legislation, ending more than 60 years of federal cash assistance to the poor and replacing it with block grants for states to administer
1996	Clinton signs the Defense of Marriage Act, denying federal recognition to same‑sex marriages
2000s
2001	The No Child Left Behind Act expands the federal government’s role in elementary and secondary education
2001	A Massachusetts company announces the first-ever cloned embryo
2002	Republican Trent Lott, recently chosen as Senate majority Leader, left office because of remarks that appeared to many to be supportive of racial segregation.
2003	Millions of demonstrators around the world take to the streets to protest the planned U.S. invasion of Iraq
2003	In an attempt to stem the widespread practice of Internet filesharing, the recording industry files 261 lawsuits against people of all ages
2003	By a vote of 5-4, the Supreme Court upheld an affirmative action program providing preference to minority candidates for admission to the University of Michigan law school. By a vote of 6-3, however, the Court rejected undergraduate admissions policies that favored minorities using a numerical formula.