Chapter 10 Timeline

This timeline is different from the one in Chapter 9, though they both cover the last 40 years or so. For the purposes of studying Chapter 10 you might again ask of each decade: Which events form this decade (1970s, 1980s, and so on), have the most direct significance for the issues of teaching as a public profession discussed in this chapter?
1960's
1960	Six years after the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision against school segregation, the modern “sit‑in” movement begins when four black students from North Carolina A&T College sit at a “whites‑only” Woolworth’s lunch counter and refuse to leave when denied service
1960	President Dwight Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act of 1960, which acknowledges the federal government’s responsibility in matters involving civil rights
1960	John F. Kennedy elected president
1963	Publication of The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan revitalizes the feminist movement
1964	Head Start, U.S. educational program for low‑income preschool children, is established
1964	Student Mario Savio leads Free Speech Movement at University of California at Berkeley
1966	Former teacher Margaret C. McNamara founds Reading is FUNdamental (RIF)
1968	Bilingual Education Act passed
1969	250,000 antiwar protestors (the largest antiwar demonstration ever) march on Washington D.C.
1969	The Stonewall rebellion in New York City marks the beginning of the gay rights movement
1970s
1970	A subcommittee of the House of Representatives holds hearings on sex discrimination in education, the first in U.S. history
1970	Supreme Court upholds new 18‑year‑old voting age
1972	Title IX Educational Amendment passed, outlawing sex discrimination in educational institutions receiving federal financial assistance
1973	Native Americans defy federal authority at Wounded Knee, South Dakota
1975	Congress passes Education for All Handicapped Children Act (Public Law 94‑142)
1975	Congress votes to admit women to Army, Navy, and Air Force academies
1978	Proposition 13 in California begins U.S. “taxpayer revolt” against government spending
1980s
1982	Equal Rights Amendment fails to win state ratification
1982	Reagan establishes “new federalism,” transferring social programs to local and state control
1983	A Nation at Risk, a report by the Presidential Commission on Excellence in Education, advocates a “back to basics” education; becomes the first major document in the current reform movement
1984	Education for Economic Security Act (Public Law 98‑377) passed, adding new science and math programs at all levels of schooling
1984	Carl D. Perkins Vocational Education Act continues federal aid for vocational education until 1989
1990s
1991	Unemployment rate rises to highest level in a decade
1992	American with Disabilities Act, the most sweeping antidiscrimination legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1964, guarantees equal access for disabled people
1993	United States follows other industrialized nations with Family Leave Act that guarantees workers up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave for medical emergencies
1995	Supreme Court rules against any affirmative action program that is not “narrowly tailored” to accomplish a “compelling government interest”
1996	Clinton signs welfare reform legislation, ending more than 60 years of federal cash assistance to the poor and replacing it with block grants for states to administer
1996	Clinton signs the Defense of Marriage Act, denying federal recognition to same‑sex marriages
1997	Supreme Court rules 5–4 that public school teachers can work in parochial schools that need remedial or supplemental classes
1998	Students at schools in Jonesboro, Arkansas, and Springfield, Oregon, open fire on students and teachers, killing seven and injuring many others
1999	Kansas Board of Education votes against testing any Kansas students on science curriculum related to theory and science of evolution (but it would be restored in 2001 by new School Board)
2000s
2001	The No Child Left Behind Act expands the federal government’s role in elementary and secondary education
2003	Millions of demonstrators around the world take to the streets to protest the planned U.S. invasion of Iraq
2003	President Bush orders invasion of Iraq
2003	The pentagon says major combat operations are ended in Iraq after the takeover in April of the last Iraqi stronghold
2003	U.S. Supreme Court votes 6-3 to strike down Texas sodomy law banning sexual conduct between homosexuals
2003	Massachusetts Supreme Court holds a 4-3 decision that gay couples in Massachusetts have the right to marry
2004	President Bush declares his support for an amendment to the Constitution that would ban gay marriage